TABLE 5.1

Vaccine types and their specificities

Vaccine type

Antigen

Immunogenicity/

booster?/duration

of protection/

adjuvants

Principle

Risks and safety

Dosage/

storage

Production

platform

Examples for

vaccines

Live-

attenuated

Whole virus

Very high/no/long

protection/none

Attenuation of the virus

under non-

physiological

conditions, multiple

passages. In vaccinee

low level virus

replication.

Risk of reversion, higher

risk for

immunocompromised

vaccinees

e.g., 1E05-1E07

inf. units per

dose/cold

chain

Mammalian &

avian cells

YFV, measles,

polio, influenza

Inactivated

Whole virus

High/yes/short

protection/yes

Virus is chemically

inactivated, but stays

intact

Risk of incomplete

inactivation, required

biosafety level in

production determined by

pathogenicity of the virus,

inactivation might

influence antigen

structure

e.g., 1E07-1E10

units/dose,

difficult for

low CSVY

Mammalian &

avian cells

influenza, polio

Split

Mix of

disrupted

virus

particles/

antigens

Low/yes/short

protection/yes

Whole viruses are

disrupted by detergents

(split)

No risk of infection as

virus is disrupted and

split, required biosafety

level in production

determined by

pathogenicity of the virus,

inactivation and

detergents might

influence antigen

structure

ng protein/dose

Mammalian &

avian cells

influenza

84

Bioprocessing of Viral Vaccines